How group dynamics undermine social progress

Direct democracy

Many Western governments today are called democracies but, in a strict sense, they are republics.

Since ancient times it's been known that direct democracy leads to disaster. 

• "Democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths."
  - James Madison

• "Remember, democracy never lasts long. It soon wastes, exhausts, and murders itself. There never was a democracy yet that did not commit suicide."
  -John Adams

The reason direct democracies fail is because a group will consistently make worse decisions than the smartest individual within it. 

There are two primary reasons for this: 

• (1) Fear
  • People are generally afraid of what other people think but no good thinking is accomplished when a person is afraid.
    • Fear initiates the fight or flight mode in a person. During fight or flight mode, our survival instincts narrow our imagination in such a way that we can be undistracted and take immediate action to protect ourselves.
      • In a mob, that means fight or flight but in an impersonal social forum that means agree or escape. This narrowing of people's options is essential for people in a survival situation as it focuses people on immediate action rather than imagination. However, useful thought requires imagination. 
• (2) Identity
  • When a crowd of people spread their sense of self onto a whole mob, they feel less personal responsibility. This concept is called deindividualization. This is when individuals in a group lose their sense of self-awareness and personal responsibility. The person disappears into the mob, and morality or the "right" of their actions is outsourced to the group.  
    • This is profoundly enhanced by the problem of groupthink and social proof, as mentioned here.
      • Individuals feel easily justified in a wrong action because they believe the crowd has already thought through the morality of the action. This leads to thoughtless, mob-like behavior rather than sensible and reasonable and thought-out behavior.

Team decision-making

However, the same dynamics that caused the failure of direct democracy play out in a small scale in communities and organizations alike.

A 1973 survey by Bruskin Associates found that when Americans were asked to list their biggest fears, 41% listed 'speaking before a group,' making it the most common fear cited.

This fear is not a fear of speaking itself, but a fear of negative social evaluation by others. Avoiding judgement by others in order to avoid being ostracized from our tribe or community is inherently baked into our psychology.

This plays out throughout communities and teams. One poignant example is when you ask people's opinion on a particular matter in the form of a round. As you go around the room asking people their opinion on a particular matter, the first person to speak often sets the tone, and others are likely to follow along avoiding breaking the consensus. If someone does contradict the consensus, they'll seek to do so with exaggeration because of the vulnerability doing so puts them in. 

Rather than being deeply imaginative, it's easier for people in these circumstances to be fearful of colleagues. Even a little fear limits creativity and leads to not to think things through, but to either agree or be silent.

Social identity

This fear is enhanced when a person associates their identity with their ideas. When around others, an attack on one's own ideas can feel like an attack on one's own identity. It takes maturity and life experience to be able to separate someone's attack on one's idea from an attack on oneself or a group. 

Solutions

The solution is to create a system by which individuals can think, imagine and express themselves without a social context before entering a social context. 

A profoundly sophisticated example of this is teams which ask everyone to write their opinions silently on a sticky note, before sticking them to a whiteboard. 

This simple act removes the fear of judgment by the simple reason that no one knows what the consensus is that they must conform to.

However, these same sorts of solutions can be applied at scale to whole government systems. The key is to think through how individuality can be maximized and social dynamics can be suppressed to bring out the best ideas and how those ideas can be brought together In a way that doesn't trample on anyone's identity. 

For generations, giving people power has seemed to be the problem, whereas in reality, giving people power outside of social dynamics is actually the key. The social dynamic is what creates the fear, and makes disagreement feel like an attack on the common identity. 

Giving people power is all about making sure that power is individualized and not coordinated until ideas need to be combined.